The GardenSoxx® Blog
Gardening Made Easy: Tips for the First Time Gardener
Is gardening something you have always dreamed of doing, but are not sure where to begin? Or maybe you did not give it much thought before, but rising food costs have inspired you to start growing your own produce. Maybe you are just trying to get outdoors a bit more often and this seems like a productive solution… Whatever the case may be for a budding First Time Gardener, we are here to reassure you that it really does not need to be complicated or difficult. In fact, gardening can be low-maintenance, relaxing and downright EASY. It has a ton of benefits, from boosting your mental health, incorporating more movement into your day-to-day, to fostering a connection to nature that most of us lack in our modern lifestyles. So let go of your expectations, and release the need to have an instagram-worthy, picture-perfect garden (especially in your first year). The key is keeping it simple and stress-free - and really embodying the fact that gardening can be a fun, easy hobby for just about anyone, no matter your experience, schedule or physical ability! Simple Steps for Starting Small When planning your first garden, the first thing to look at is location - an outdoor space that gets lots of sunlight is most ideal. Whether it's a small space or larger area, you can adapt your growing style to your needs. Keep in mind that any outdoor space can be a potential growing space - from a balcony to a windowsill, a patio, a back or even a front yard. You do not even need to have workable soil, as containers and fabric planters can be a convenient and effective way to grow on any surface. The next most important consideration is access to water for irrigation. If you are only growing in a few containers, watering by hand may be the easiest option. However, if you have access to an outdoor faucet or hose, hooking up a simple drip-irrigation system is an easy solution that will save you lots of time and effort throughout the growing season. Choosing plants based on your personal preferences is advisable - you want to be able to actually use what you grow. There are many low-maintenance crops that are perfect for beginners. Start by finding out your growing zone and frost dates to have a better idea about how long your growing season lasts. This will help to determine what you can grow, and if you need to start seeds indoors or opt for buying pre-established seedlings in the spring. If you prefer to grow edible plants, consider that even just growing a simple herb garden in pots can be a fun way to get your feet wet in the gardening world. Fresh herbs can add a significant amount of flavor and nutrition to your cooking, making it worth your while to grow them yourself. Many herbs require little maintenance and grow well in a variety of conditions. Mint, Basil and Parsley are all excellent choices for beginners (just be sure to contain your mint to a garden bed or container so that it does not take over your yard!). Some easy-to-grow vegetables perfect for beginners are: lettuce, radish, zucchini, green beans. For a more ornamental style garden, blooms like Marigold, Cosmos, Violas and Impatiens are easy, low-maintenance flower choices. Time-Saving Techniques for Easy Gardening Start small. Remember that it is much easier to expand a garden slowly, year after year, rather than get overly ambitious and potentially overwhelmed in your first growing season. Choose some key crops and focus on those to start - learning as you go. Once you gain more confidence and knowledge, slowly add more to your garden every year. Think Low-Maintenance. There are ways to set up your garden so that it works for you, instead of you having to work too hard for it. Adding a layer of mulch to reduce watering and weeding can be an excellent way to cut back on those time-consuming tasks. Choosing plants that are tolerant to drought or native to your region will give you a greater chance at succeeding even if you are not tending to them every day. Plant only once. Consider adding perennial garden plants into your landscape that come back year after year - this way you can plant once and do minimal maintenance at the beginning and end of each season. There are some lovely flowering, herbal and even fruiting perennial garden plants that can elevate your landscape with vibrant colors, edible flowers, or delicious berries, while also drawing in pollinators. Aside from occasional pruning and cleaning up, many of these plants do not require a lot of maintenance to thrive. Water Efficiently. Setting up an efficient watering system can not only save you time, but can make your garden more eco-friendly. Drip irrigation feeds water directly to plant roots, giving them just what they need to grow, without over watering and without water drops landing on plant leaves that can cause leaves to burn or lead to plant disease. Collecting rainwater, or reusing household water can also maximize efficiency and add extra nutrients and minerals to the soil. Ergonomic Gardening Solutions for Improved Accessibility If you have physical limitations, there are gardening solutions that require much less effort and labor and can significantly reduce the strain on your body. Ergonomic gardening tools can make things like digging, planting and weeding much easier tasks to accomplish. Using raised beds, or placing garden containers on a higher surface like a table can reduce the need to bend and kneel, even making your garden wheelchair accessible if necessary. Ergonomic gardening can also mean choosing the right plants for minimal care and maintenance. Choosing low-maintenance plants that require minimal care, or slower growing plants that need not be tended to often can allow you to enjoy the look of the garden without having to put in a lot of labor. Flowering perennials (like coneflowers, daylilies, and hostas), hardy herbs (like mint, chives, and sage), or vegetables that grow slowly and do not require a continuous harvest (like cabbage, onions, and leeks) are all good choices. On the other hand, fast-growing vegetables that offer quicker gratification and less effort can also be smart choices depending on your preference. Radish or Carrot seeds can be planted and harvested within a few weeks. Leafy greens like lettuce, kale and swiss chard can yield a continuous harvest for minimal effort, allowing you to enjoy fresh produce all season from just a few easy-to-maintain plants. Set realistic goals for yourself and remember to take breaks when gardening - only do what you are capable of, focusing more on the enjoyment of gardening over the need to be productive. Gardening for pleasure, and approaching it with a relaxed mindset from the start will take away the expectation and pressure of having to excel at the task. Avoiding Common Gardening Mistakes & Troubleshooting Having an understanding of the basic needs of plants is essential for ensuring these needs are met, and sets your garden up to thrive. Light, water and soil are the 3 essential components for plant health. Starting with quality soil or pure compost sets a solid foundation for plant health, and making sure plants are getting adequate water and at least 6 hours of sunlight per day will create optimal conditions for a healthy garden. Learn to recognize the signs of overwatering (continuously wet soil, wilting or yellow leaves), underwatering (curling or crisping leaves, hard & dry soil) and poor light conditions (leggy stems that are reaching for light, slow growth or lack of flowers/fruit). Paying attention to these signs can help you to correct issues early on and keep your garden on a productive path. Keep it simple by starting with easy plants, and only grow produce or herbs that you actually consume. Putting time and effort into growing items you will not use can quickly cause you to become discouraged or lose interest. Resist the temptation to take on too much, too soon. Even if it means starting with only a few herbs in a window-box - learning to succeed with that will pave the way for more complex gardening experiments in future growing seasons. Know where to go for support when things do not go as planned. Finding online resources, or joining local community gardening groups can often help you to resolve common gardening mistakes quickly and efficiently. Local garden centers often employ workers who genuinely love to garden - do not be afraid to ask them for advice. Keeping a gardening journal is also a helpful tool that can allow you to learn from past mistakes and not make them again in future growing seasons. It is important to remember that there is not one “right” way to garden, and that success will look different for each one of us. Focus on what works for you, and what you are capable of within your space, physical abilities or time constraints. Celebrate your victories, however big or small, and enjoy the journey of learning how to grow your own garden. Our final piece of advice for the First Time Gardener: Just get started! Get yourself a plant, or a packet of seeds and start growing - with the intention to learn as you go. Do not get hung up on having all the tools or all the knowledge. Many of the best gardeners out there are still experiencing plenty of failures alongside their successes. We encourage you to follow along with our blog, and share your gardening experiences in the comments below to help encourage others who may be on the same path as you!
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How to Master Companion Planting in Containers
Offering a variety of benefits to small-space gardens, urban farms and even larger growing operations, “Companion Planting” is a technique well worth exploring. The benefits of companion planting in containers are not limited to simply maximizing the amount of produce that can be grown in a small space, but also extend to soil and plant health, yield and even natural pest control. It is a simple technique that can be easily mastered by the beginner gardener, helping you to make the most out of your garden. The companion planting technique is nothing new. In fact, there is evidence of this technique being used as far back as Ancient China - where growers followed old traditions of including garlic bulbs among their other vegetable crops to help deter potential pests. Perhaps one of the best known examples of companion planting is the “Three Sisters” garden, a technique used by Indigenous tribes throughout North America that combines specific crops known to support and benefit each other to maximize space, efficiency and yield. The Basics of Companion Planting in Containers Different plants have different needs, and so understanding the way each plant grows, how much space and drainage each one requires are important considerations when choosing the right container. There are also different ways that plants support one another - some may help deter pests, while others can help enhance the growth of their neighboring plants. Smaller containers, window boxes and round plant pots can be used to companion plant smaller herbs and flowers, while fabric planters like GardenSoxx® can offer more companion planting flexibility and potential for a wider variety of plants. While raised beds offer a larger area, they are still contained and the right companion plant pairings can help to truly maximize their potential. When companion planting in containers, you will want to consider the main goal of your companion planting technique which will help you decide which plants should be paired together. If your goal is to do your own pest control without the use of chemicals, you will want to think about the Trap Cropping method. This means planting specific crops that will lure pests in, thereby distracting and deterring them away from your main crops. Alternatively, you can also companion plant your crops with strong-scented herbs that help to deter pests altogether. Consider including plants that attract pollinators and other beneficial insects that will help to control pest populations and create a balanced garden ecosystem. If plant health and protection is your main concern, you will want to choose crops that can support and nurture one another - either by giving each other shade, physical support, or enhancing specific nutrients in the soil that other crops can benefit from. Try combining plants that grow up along a trellis with crops that create deeper root systems and prefer to be in the shade. Certain plants have the capability of producing and fixing nitrogen in the soil - and they are best planted with crops that require higher levels of nitrogen to thrive. If you are ultimately trying to save space, you will want to focus mainly on plants that grow well together and will not compete for nutrients or resources. You can also use companion planting as an opportunity to combine edibles and ornamentals to maximize functionality without compromising the beauty of your space. With companion planting, you can get creative with your landscape without the need to have a dedicated space for a separate vegetable garden. Best Companion Plant Pairings for Gardening Containers A common strategy when planting for pest control is to include aromatic herbs among your vegetable crops. Herbs like Rosemary, Lavender, Chives and Lemongrass have strong scents that deter a variety of garden pests, keeping them away from your vegetables. Mint is another common pest deterrent, but due to its invasive nature, keeping it contained to its own pot is strongly recommended. The strong scent of garlic and onions, combined with the small space they take up, make them excellent companion plants to put in between other vegetable crops. If you are trying out the Trap Crop method for pest control, Nasturtium companion plants are a top contender. This pretty (and edible) flowering plant can bring a pop of color to your garden, while drawing pests away from your more valuable vegetable crops. Sunflowers, Calendula and Marigold companion plants are also effective at attracting the insects that you do not want feeding on your edible crops. Plus, they draw in beneficial bugs and pollinators that can help boost garden biodiversity. Pairing plants together strategically to enhance plant health and yield is another popular companion planting strategy. As seen in the “Three Sisters” method, each plant plays a role that helps to support the other. The corn stalks provide a trellis for the beans, keeping them up and away from the squash. The beans fix nitrogen in the soil to help nourish the root systems of all plants, while the squash provides shade over the ground to hold moisture in the soil and also repels insects due to its prickly vines. The nitrogen-fixing quality of beans and other legumes can be used to benefit a variety of other crops. Planting these alongside nitrogen-loving plants like Brassicas (broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage), Nightshade (Tomatoes, eggplant and peppers) or near cucumbers will offer a beneficial boost during the developmental stages of these vegetable crops. The shade provided by climbing or creeping crops (like squash, pole beans, melon and okra) can be beneficial for plants that are more susceptible to heat stress. Leafy greens like lettuce and spinach, herbs like cilantro and parsley, or root vegetables like radish and carrots will benefit from being planted next to crops that can provide shade for them as they grow. Other companion plant pairings with known benefits: Basil & Tomato: Companion planting tomatoes with basil is a winning combination. These plants not only work well when combined together in a recipe, but when grown next to each other, they can actually improve their flavor and enhance their growth. Basil helps to deter pests from tomatoes, and also helps to suppress weeds. Carrots & Onion: Because they have complementary growth habits (with onions growing upward and carrots burrowing down into the soil), these crops make a perfect pair. Onions can repel potential pests like carrot flies, and carrots help to aerate the soil which benefits the onion crop. Marigold & Peppers: Marigolds make excellent companion plants for peppers in containers. As a crop that is often susceptible to nematode damage, peppers will benefit from being planted next to nematode-repelling marigolds. The pollinators that the marigold attracts will also help to improve yield and fruiting on the peppers. Cabbage & Dill: A known deterrent for pests, dill is excellent at keeping cabbage free of the dreaded cabbage worm, which can cause much damage to a crop. The large sprawling cabbage leaves offer shade for the dill plant, which can easily go to seed in high heat. There is also anecdotal evidence that dill can improve the growth and flavor of cabbage. Common Mistakes to Avoid when Companion Planting in Containers While companion planting in containers can be a fun way to experiment and try different combinations and plant pairings, there are a few things to be mindful of before jumping in. The most common mistake that is made is overcrowding the containers with too many plants. While the combination of plants may be known to be beneficial, the ideal space required for each separate plant variety should still be adhered to. Always ensure the container you are using is large enough to accommodate the plants you place in it. Although we discussed how certain crops can provide shade for others, do keep in mind that even crops that enjoy shade still require some sun in order to grow. Make sure the plants are positioned in a way that allows sun to reach the shaded plant at various times throughout the day. The last thing you want is for the plants to be competing for resources - so also make sure that companion-planted containers are getting enough water and nutrients for all plants to thrive. Recognize the fact that certain plants simply do not pair well together, and avoid combining them in the same container. Plants that require high levels of the same type of nutrients, or are susceptible to the same types of disease, should not be paired as companion plants. Oftentimes (but not always), crops in the same plant family should be kept separately, as they will compete for resources and risk being damaged by the same pests or plant disease. Plants like Mint, Lemon Balm, Oregano, Jerusalem Artichoke and Raspberry are not the best contenders for companion planting in containers as they can grow to be quite invasive. Plant them in a dedicated container to allow them the space to grow and thrive on their own. When using a companion planting method in containers, an important technique to consider is crop rotation each year. Using the same containers year after year for the same crops can lead to depleted soil and potential risks for pest and plant disease. Switching up your crops into different containers year after year will help the soil to replenish lost nutrients and allow plants the best possible chance to survive. Companion planting in containers can be a highly effective way to grow higher yields and healthier plants in areas where space needs to be used wisely. Not only can well-paired plants offer mutual benefits to one another, they can also create a welcoming atmosphere that is visually pleasant and full of helpful biodiversity. Especially in urban settings, companion planting can be a very positive step toward sustainable gardening that helps to maximize output while minimizing any potentially harmful inputs - allowing nature to do the work.
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How to Plant Seeds of Self-Sufficiency: From Seed Starting to Seed Saving
While many home gardeners opt for planting plugs or seedlings from their local nursery, there is much benefit in learning how to start seedlings of your own or plant seeds directly outdoors. In addition, learning the basics of seed saving at the end of the growing season is a practical way to save money, and can help growers become much more self-sufficient and sustainable in their practice. One of the top benefits of saving seeds for future growing seasons is having control over the varieties grown, and being able to choose the most productive and healthiest plant options for your home garden. Saving seeds from plants that have grown well in your climate will provide you with seedlings that are already well-adapted to your growing zone, greatly increasing the chance of having a healthy plant with a higher yield. While the absolute beginner may opt for getting a seed starting kit to make the process easier, starting your own seedlings at home can also be simple. In fact, it is even more frugal and sustainable to use items you already have available in your home, and this can be done fairly easily. So before investing in fancy trays, heating pads or grow lights for seed starting, read on to discover some simple tips and tricks to get started without having to spend too much money. Indoor Seed Starting Basics When starting seeds for the first time, there are a few factors to consider before purchasing seed packets at your local garden center or from seed companies online. Choose seeds that are best adapted to your growing zone, and that have a seed-to-harvest time that makes sense for the length of the growing season where you live. It is also important to ensure that there is enough space in your garden for the seeds to grow to their full size. When planning on growing vegetables or other edible plants, it is recommended to start with organic seeds if possible. If your intention is to also save seeds from the plants you grow, opt for an heirloom seed variety instead of a hybrid seed. What are heirloom seeds? Heirloom seeds are reliable, non-GMO, open-pollinated seeds that are typically passed down from generation to generation, producing nutritious and consistent crops that return high yields. Open-pollinated plants will self-pollinate and require less effort from the gardener in this regard. Creating the ideal environment for seedlings to thrive is crucial to set them up for healthy and optimal growth. Seeds require warmth, moisture, and oxygen to germinate. At the germination stage, it is often recommended to keep seeds in a dark space, depending on the plant being grown. Once seeds have germinated, they should be planted in a light and sterile growing medium that can support them at the early stages of growth. It is recommended to use a tray to separate the seeds into their own small space - an egg carton works very well for this, as do little paper or biodegradable cups that can be easily found in store or online. Placing your seed tray in a bright window that gets sun most of the day is usually sufficient for the seeds to start growing. If this is not possible, then investing in grow lights for seed starting may be a better option. It is also important to monitor the ambient temperature and be sure that seeds are receiving warmth and have no chance of freezing. If seedlings are being started in winter, they can be covered with plastic wrap or placed in a plastic lettuce container to create a humid “greenhouse” effect, while still allowing for air to flow. Be sure to check on the seeds daily to ensure they are not drying out or burning. Always ensure that seeds are being given enough water, but are not being drowned. Watering with a small watering can or with a spray bottle is recommended at the very early stages, giving the seeds just enough water for the soil to stay moist, but not saturated. Giving seeds smaller amounts of water, a few times per day will ensure that soil does not dry out, especially if seeds are covered with a plastic dome for a greenhouse effect. If seedling stems start growing very long and skinny - this is a sign that they are not receiving enough light. Leggy seedlings can be corrected by bringing the light source as close as possible above the growing seedlings so that they can strengthen their stem and start growing more robust. Leggy seedlings risk falling over from the weight of the growing leaves. Before starting seeds indoors, check the last frost date for your growing zone. It is important not to start seeds too early or too late - giving them enough time to establish and harden off before it is time to move them outdoors. Before moving seedlings outdoors, it is recommended to harden them off. This means that seedlings must be acclimatized to outdoor temperatures and conditions before being planted in the ground or in outdoor planters. As the days get a bit warmer, gradually move seedlings outdoors for a few hours during the day, in a spot that gets both sun and wind. Alternatively, a fan can be placed in the greenhouse or area that seedlings are being kept, and left on facing toward the seedlings. This will create wind resistance on the seedling stems and allow them to thicken and become stronger for outdoor planting. Tips for Direct Sowing Seeds Outdoors Some seeds are best sown directly outdoors, for example root vegetables and other quick-growing, cold-hardy crops. In most cases, it is still best to ensure that risk of frost has passed and the ground soil is workable. If using a fabric planter system like GardenSoxx, planting can be done before the ground thaws, and if frost is still a potential risk, we recommend having plant cover fabric on hand to protect seedlings from the elements in their early stages. When direct sowing seeds outdoors, especially with root crops, it can be beneficial to sow seeds closer together than recommended, and then thin them as they sprout. This will ensure that the strongest and most viable plants are the ones that remain, and that they all have enough space to adequately grow. It is important to keep the soil moist once seeds have been sown. This means watering regularly, and in some cases adding a layer of mulch to keep moisture in the soil and prevent the top layer of soil to dry out and form a crust that some seed will have a hard time breaking through. Tips for Seed-Saving from Homegrown Crops Saving seeds from your own garden is yet another step toward complete self-sufficiency, and especially makes sense if your garden is producing high-quality crops. If you are putting time and energy into your garden to ensure healthy plants, saving seeds will help to preserve heirloom plant varieties that are already well-adapted to your growing zone and environmental conditions. Seed-saving also saves money in the long run, allowing you to grow produce year after year without having to purchase more seeds. Having a seed library filled with home-grown heirloom seeds can also allow you to swap and exchange seeds with neighbors for other plant varieties that might be missing from your inventory. Most plants will produce an abundance of seeds each season, typically much more than is needed for the following season. Learning how to save and preserve seeds properly is a valuable skill for any gardener or homesteader interested in being more self-sufficient. When saving seeds from any crop, it is best to choose the healthiest, most productive plants. Choosing seeds from strong, healthy plants will ensure that those seeds will produce healthy plants the following year. When saving seeds, it is important to know the difference between open-pollinated, hybrid and heirloom seeds. Focusing your seed-saving efforts on open-pollinated and heirloom varieties is highly recommended, as hybrid seeds tend to have a lower yield, smaller blooms and do not typically grow as vigorously. Starting your own seedlings at the beginning of the season will give you more control over knowing what type of seeds you are sowing. If you do purchase seedlings from a garden center, make sure to check the plant label which will normally indicate if it is a hybrid plant (look for F1 on the label) - in which case it is best to not save seeds from this particular plant. If you plan to save seeds from your fruiting vegetable crops (like tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and other crops that produce their fruit above-ground), allow some of the fruit to over-ripen on the plant itself. Do not wait so long that the fruit is starting to rot, but ensure that it is very ripe (beyond the ripeness at which you would consume it). Once the fruit is picked, it can be cut open and the seeds can be carefully removed and washed to remove any of the pulp that is stuck to the seeds. Seed should then be spread out in a thin layer on a paper or tea towel and left to dry completely before being stored in an air-tight container or envelope. Crops like beans and peas are excellent for easy seed-saving. Allow some pods to remain on the plant until they are completely dried up. The outer pod should be brown and paper-like, and the seeds inside should rattle slightly when the pod is shaken. The seeds can then be simply removed and stored in a seed saving envelope. Saving flowers seeds or herb seeds is typically a simpler process. Allow herbs to bolt (produce flowers) and leave those flowers to dry on the plant before collecting them and place in a paper bag to hang and finish drying. Flower seeds are much the same as blooms can be left on the plant to become dried and brown, and seeds will be fairly easy to remove and store. Breaking up the seeds from the bloom and separating them from the petals and other dried flower material reduces the risk of seeds going moldy once they are stored. It may be tedious, as some seeds are quite tiny, but this extra step is recommended to keep seeds clean and viable for following seasons. Always label seed saving envelopes, so not to forget what seeds you have saved come next season. Keep dried seeds stored in a cool, dark place until they are ready to be germinated - many seeds will remain viable for several years if stored properly. Garden Planning from Saved Seeds During the winter months, take inventory of the seeds that have been saved from the previous growing season. Based on your growing zone and last spring frost, you can assess which seeds should be started early indoors and create a seed-starting schedule to stay on track. It is highly recommended to rotate garden crops year after year, and avoid planting the same crop family in the same soil two years in a row. Keeping a garden journal can help with this planning. If starting seeds in advance, always start more seedlings than you expect to plant, and choose from the healthiest and most vigorous seedlings when planting time comes. Becoming self-sufficient is a process that can take time, and often involves some trial and error to learn lessons along the way. If seed-starting and seed-saving are skills you are interested in learning, start small with the crops you are currently growing. Invest in high-quality, organic heirloom seeds from reputable suppliers in order to set yourself up for success when it comes time to save those seeds for future growing seasons. While it can help to invest in seed starting kits, trays or lighting equipment, it is also very possible to simply use items that are readily available to you. Remember that success comes with practice and even the smallest efforts can pay off greatly as these types of skills are highly valuable and can be passed down for generations to come.
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The Hybrid Gardening System That Will Change the Way You Grow
Imagine a technology that combines the best of aeroponics, hydroponics, and soil-based growing - while still being easy to use, accessible and affordable. GardenSoxx® is the hybrid marvel that is gearing up to be a game-changer in the agriculture industry, offering a new level of efficiency and productivity. Let's start by looking at the innovative growing techniques that have recently emerged in the agriculture industry. These techniques may be completely new or simple revamps of old growing techniques. The motivation for adopting these growing methods has been driven mainly by food quality concerns, the great distances that produce must travel before reaching the plate, and the growing possibility of food insecurity due to shifting climates and increased natural disasters. With an increased interest in growing technique diversification, new gardening styles and urban growing systems are being created, such as grow towers and vertical farming, to name a few. These new techniques have not just provided advantages, but they have revolutionized the agriculture industry. Let's delve into the inspiring benefits these innovative growing techniques have brought to the table. Hydroponics The benefits of hydroponic grow systems include improved feeding and nutrient uptake. Plants often grow faster because the nutrients are delivered directly to their roots. In addition, although the name might be misleading, hydroponics uses less water as the plant remains in the water for the entirety of its growth cycle. This technique reduces soil-borne diseases and pathogens as there is no soil used in the system. Indoor hydroponic growing systems allow you to grow year-round, regardless of exterior temperatures, making it an ideal growing technique for urban agriculture in unpredictable climates. It is becoming more common for homeowners who have the interior space to invest in a hydroponic grow tower as part of a healthy lifestyle change - but that is not to say they are an accessible and affordable option for just anyone. Hydroponic systems typically are expensive to set up and they rely on having a constant source of power to keep them running. The cost of the system itself, the plants and nutrients, UV lighting and the addition to the electricity bill means that it could take years of growing produce to make the investment worthwhile. While soil-borne disease may not be an issue, hydroponics can be susceptible to waterborne plant pathogens and require the grower to have a good knowledge base of how to avoid these issues. Some growers opt for an additional filtration system to mitigate potential bacteria, leading to yet another additional cost associated with this growing method. Aeroponics As the name suggests, an aeroponics system pushes the roots to grow while exposed to air. The plant's root system is in an environment that releases a timed, highly oxygenated nutrient mist. This method is even more targeted than hydroponics while increasing the nutrient absorption capacity of the plant. The highly oxygenated environment develops the root system, increasing nutrient uptake and plant growth. This system uses minimal water and minimizes all soil-borne diseases and pathogens. Finally, this growing technique is used primarily in vertical settings, leading to its quick adoption for space efficiency in vertical and urban settings. Like hydroponic systems, an aeroponic gardening tower is quite expensive for the initial setup and requires regular maintenance and technical knowledge to use it efficiently. Both aeroponics and hydroponics are what we call 'soil-less' growing techniques. This means they are not subject to weeds, which significantly reduces the need for physical labor. However, they also both have limitations when it comes to growing larger plants and root crops. Considering the high initial setup cost of these types of systems, using them to grow only leafy greens and herbs does not give much of a return on a grower’s investment. Although these techniques can be highly efficient and have several benefits that reduce cost, labor and potential issues, we cannot discount the tried and true method of growing directly in soil. Especially for high-value, high-nutrition crops like root vegetables and vining crops like squash. Home growers who are looking to get the most out of their garden may very well be disappointed with the limited capabilities of these expensive systems. In-Ground Gardening As the oldest and most widely used growing technique, in-ground gardening allows plants to grow in their natural environment. Their developing root system is surrounded by microbiology, promoting feeder root growth, and directly contributing to plant health. The symbiotic relationships between plant roots and microbial life in the soil benefit the plant's root growth, increasing its resilience and giving it greater tools to navigate stressful growing conditions such as access to water or nutrient availability. Higher microbial relationships can increase sugar and phytonutrient profiles in fruits and vegetables grown in soil due to the nutrient release at the root zone. Finally, plants with a healthy root system contribute to a structured soil, increasing the soil's capacity to hold nutrients and water, reducing its dependency on either being added. Growing crops in the ground is practical and cost-efficient, but there are also factors that can limit a grower’s success rate. Poorly structured soil, soil-borne illness and weeds can cost a grower their time and energy in trying to mitigate these issues. While soil can be amended and remediated, it can take years for soil to return to optimal health in some cases. Growing in GardenSoxx® GardenSoxx® is an innovative tubular mesh fabric planter system designed to optimize plant growth and health by promoting air pruning and healthy root growth while maintaining the root system in the soil. The mesh also acts as a weed barrier. This hybrid growing method allows the grower to take advantage of all the strengths and benefits associated with aeroponics, hydroponics, and soil-based growing methods, while providing solutions for their limitations. The constant airflow through the mesh weaving stunts the growth of the main roots, sending signals to the plant to create more roots. In this case, the roots created are feeder roots, smaller hair-like roots that increase the plant's surface area coverage in the soil, and improve access to nutrient availability, overall health and stress resistance. This healthy root growth creates structure in the soil, directly correlating to the soil's capacity to retain moisture, increasing watering efficiencies. Additionally, the constant airflow through the system makes it impossible for anaerobic bacteria to form. Growing in GardenSoxx® also gives the user flexibility to choose the type of soil medium. With GardenSoxx®, the medium can be a custom blend or even 100% compost. The increased microbial activity at the root level increases the symbiotic exchange between plant and microbiology, making available an array of minerals otherwise unavailable to the plant and increasing the phytonutrients and healthy sugars during fruit production. Like hydroponic and aeroponic systems, GardenSoxx® can be easily configured to fit in smaller spaces, making it easy to delve into urban gardening and use space more efficiently. The system can also be used vertically. GardenSoxx® can be put on hard-to-cultivate compacted soil, a terrace, a deck, and is the ideal solution for rooftop growing because of its light weight and integrated water-efficient drip irrigation. Available at a much lower cost than hydroponic or aeroponic grow towers and with much less maintenance required, growing in Gardensoxx® is easy and accessible to most home growers. It also appeals to commercial growers who may be concerned about the quality of their soil, or who are looking to expand their operation. Because it can be placed on any surface, GardenSoxx® is an ideal solution for community gardens and urban growing in food deserts. Due to its ease-of-use, GardenSoxx® has been used in countless agri-learning programs across the country - while its efficiency has been noticed and celebrated by some of the top commercial strawberry growers in agriculture. The options provided by the GardenSoxx® system are truly endless, making it the top hybrid system for growers of all calibers.
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The Urban Gardener: A Guide to Small Space Vegetable Gardening
Over the last several years there has been a significant increase in the popularity of urban agriculture - with more and more city dwellers relying on community gardens, or budding Urban Gardeners learning to transform even small backyards into food-growing havens for both personal enjoyment and self-sufficiency. The many benefits of organic gardening are obvious and undeniable; but when it comes to small space vegetable gardening in the city, those benefits increase tremendously and stretch surprisingly far beyond just being able to enjoy your own fresh, healthy produce. These productive green spaces can truly transform an urban landscape - physically, economically and socially - contributing in a most positive way to a thriving population within its borders. So for anyone who may be debating on whether or not it may be worth exploring the idea of becoming an Urban Gardener, read on to discover how this venture can benefit you and your community in a myriad of ways. We will also explore different methods of small space vegetable gardening and valuable tips that can set you up for success. Benefits of Urban Gardening and Growing Your Own Food in Small Spaces Several recent studies make a strong link between Human Health and Gardening - not only in the physical sense but also highlighting the potential of gardening as stress relief, and contributing to improved mental health (1). While fresh air and physical activity in the garden can certainly do wonders for our body, contact with the soil can actually boost serotonin levels in the brain and improve our mood (2). Gardening can offer a connection to nature not often experienced in the city, and thereby benefit urban gardeners by improving their health and overall quality of life. When it comes to the climate crisis, it is important to consider the environmental benefits of community gardens and how growing our own food at home can help offset the large carbon footprint of commercial food production. When food does not need to travel thousands of miles to reach our plate, the entire world benefits. Additionally, creating green spaces in urban landscapes contributes to improved air quality, storm water filtration and overall lower temperatures (3). In times of economic uncertainty, urban gardening provides growers with a way to save money on rising food costs. Plus, the economic benefits of community gardens in low-income neighborhoods cannot be overstated. As more low-cost gardening solutions become available, producing nutritious food in urban areas is becoming easier and more accessible to all. We must not forget the social benefits of community gardens; the way it can bring people together, encourage social interactions and community-building. Gathering in common spaces to create a garden together allows those who live alone to connect with others around them, find common-ground in an activity they enjoy and foster stronger community relationships. Even growing just a personal garden can connect you with your neighbors, leading to conversations and potentially sharing produce. Space-Saving Garden Ideas for the Urban Gardener Getting creative with the way you garden is a must if you are working in a small space. These space-saving garden ideas can inspire growers to think outside the box when it comes to growing their own produce at home. From creative containers to using whatever space you have in unconventional ways - urban gardeners are known to be very efficient in their quest for small space vegetable gardening. When space is limited to grow outward, consider growing upward! Using the structures around you in an urban landscape can provide urban gardeners with a variety of vertical gardening ideas for small spaces. The growing demand for tiered planters has resulted in a wide range of product options available for all types of home growers. These types of planters make ideal containers for herb gardens and smaller vegetable crops to be readily available just outside your door. Alternatively, using walls and fences to create a DIY vertical garden is also a great option that can allow for more versatility. Getting creative with container gardening for small spaces can be a fun challenge that combines efficiency and style, creating a functional outdoor space with ambience for relaxing or entertaining. Whether you opt for a clean and consistent look or an eclectic style that combines different sizes and colors - container gardening can allow you to group plants together or keep them isolated depending on their needs and growing habits. If ground space is limited, or to really maximize the space you have, hanging basket gardening can be an interesting option and works surprisingly well for many types of garden crops. Strawberries, tomatoes, herbs, and some smaller cultivars of eggplant, peppers and cucumbers are excellent options to try in hanging baskets. It is important to note that hanging baskets will typically dry out more quickly than containers on the ground - so be sure to stay on top of watering them often, especially in the hotter summer months. For city-dwellers with absolutely no outdoor space, window box gardening can be a creative way to still enjoy fresh flavors during the growing season. Mix functionality and style by planting your favorite aromatic herbs (like Basil, Thyme and Oregano) alongside edible flowers like Violas, Marigold and Nasturtium. With more urban areas adopting green initiatives, the popularity of sustainable rooftop gardens has risen significantly in the last few years. For larger gardening projects, or as the ideal community garden space for apartment-living, the benefits of rooftop gardening in urban areas are plenty. Fabric planter systems like GardenSoxx® make the ideal planters for rooftop gardens as their capabilities for intensive growing and their unmatched water efficiency resolves some of the top challenges of growing on a roof. Essential Urban Gardening Tips for City Dwellers While there are a wide range of options to choose from, the best plants for urban gardens are ultimately those that thrive in limited space and urban conditions. Choosing crops that produce a high yield on just one plant allows urban gardeners to grow a wider variety of produce. Some of the best vegetables for small space gardening are cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, pole beans, and leafy greens like swiss chard, spinach and lettuce that can be harvested multiple times from just one plant. Arguably more important than the urban gardener’s crop choices will be the soil that they choose to grow in. Unfortunately, the state of most urban soils and gardening success are not always a winning combination. Any healthy garden must inevitably start with a good, nutrient-dense soil - and this is even more crucial in an urban environment where the soil cannot regenerate the same as it can in rural areas. Growing in containers or fabric planters is the ideal way to have full control over the soil and opting for the highest quality available is highly recommended. Organic soil or pure compost from a reputable source are the top choices for optimal plant health and urban garden success. Keeping a garden well-watered is crucial in urban areas that can often experience a heat island effect. While watering by hand allows you to have the most control, installing a drip-irrigation system can be more water-efficient and provide you with a self-watering urban garden while you are away. Drip irrigation also reduces the risk of overwatering (which can lead to plant disease), and of plant leaves burning from stray water droplets combined with direct sun. Getting enough sunlight can be a challenge for urban gardeners in densely-packed cities. If you are wondering how much sunlight a garden needs, the answer will really depend on the plants being grown. Assessing the hours of sunlight available in your desired location is a crucial step in planning a successful garden. Full sun plants will require 6 hours or more of sun per day, while part-shade plants can thrive in as little as 3 hours per day. Pest control in urban gardening comes with some unique challenges, but can be made simple with a few creative solutions. In cities where birds, rodents and stray pets wander the streets looking for food scraps, a flourishing garden full of fresh produce can become quite the target. Small animals and birds can be deterred with fencing, netting or even by hanging shiny, noisy objects around your garden. For invasive insects, using organic pest control methods should be prioritized, as city gardens will be more accessible to children and domestic animals. The best organic pest control for vegetable gardens is to incorporate techniques like companion planting with aromatic herbs or trap crops, sprinkling diatomaceous earth or using a natural neem oil spray. These methods can all work wonders, especially when combined together - and are much safer than using chemical pesticide. Urban Agriculture & Community Garden Success Stories From educational research projects to sustainable and self-sufficient solutions, these community garden success stories show that urban agriculture is not just a passing trend. With each green space created in an urban setting, we are taking a big step in the right direction for a brighter and more sustainable future. An ongoing Green Roof project at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville that began in 2004 has evolved throughout the years to give University students and other community members, including children, a chance to learn more about sustainable initiatives that make an impact (4). In 2018, a Rooftop garden was installed using GardenSoxx, and has since been used for research purposes, and to provide food for the campus restaurant. The children at the University’s Early Childhood Center are also involved in tending to the garden, which gives them an opportunity to learn, and build confidence in feeling they are making a difference in their community. In 2017, a Canadian grocery store made history when it unveiled its 25,000 square foot organic rooftop garden (5), growing produce to be farmed and sold on site. This project was also first of its kind to irrigate their garden with water sourced from the store’s dehumidification system. This innovative project fulfills a need in a community where many have expressed an interest in buying locally-grown food, despite being in an urban area. People want to know where their food is coming from, and this project helps to make that possible. From solving soil contamination issues and providing low-income communities with nutritious organic produce, to creating a more self-sufficient supply chain for a city food bank, exploring innovative ways to grow food in urban areas is an important step toward sustainability. Remember that whether you are a beginner or a pro, there are always opportunities to learn new things in the garden. Becoming an Urban Gardener can transform not just your personal space, but your entire community. The benefits to your own health and mental well-being alone are worth the effort - but the larger environmental, social and economical benefits can truly make a larger impact that is well worth exploring. So, if you have been exploring this idea, now is a great time to take the plunge. Starting with small steps like a window box or hanging garden is a great way to begin before moving up to vertical or container gardening and producing food on a larger scale. Choosing high-yield plants, using quality organic soil, and staying on top of watering and pest control will ensure a thriving garden. There is no need to strive for perfection; simply enjoy the journey and learning process. Start by assessing the space you have available, and planning a rough layout, jotting down a list of plants you are interested in growing (starting with crops that you regularly consume). Don't let limited space deter you—urban gardening is all about creativity and efficiency. Have fun getting your hands dirty and experiencing the joy of growing your own food, while contributing to a healthier environment and a more connected community. If you are looking for more support or to foster connections with other gardeners, search for local gardening groups in your city or join an online group that can offer valuable advice and support. Check your local community centers or garden centers to see if they offer workshops or classes that can expand your knowledge. By exploring all possible resources, you will gain the knowledge and confidence needed to create a successful urban garden. Happy growing! Cited Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8767951/ https://actascientific.com/ASMI/pdf/ASMI-06-1265.pdf https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/international/topic/urban-agriculture https://www.siue.edu/news/2019/06/SIUE-Early-Childhood-Center-Students-Learn-by-Helping-at-Rooftop-Garden.shtml https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/an-iga-in-montreal-is-growing-its-own-vegetables-on-the-roof
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The Wellness Garden: Edible Medicinal Plants for the Home Grower
Growing a Wellness Garden at home is an excellent opportunity to delve into a lifestyle that connects more closely to nature, to sustainable practices, and to a more holistic approach to health. It is no secret that most modern medicine is derived from plants, and while advances in medicine have positively transformed our modern society and life expectancy, turning to edible medicinal plants for common everyday ailments can be an empowering form of self-care. With full control over the soil, and any inputs, the home gardener can ensure their plants are grown organically, sustainably and in the most health-conscious way possible. Having a wide selection of edible medicinal plants at your disposal can offer security in uncertain times, and allow you to take a preventative approach to avoiding long-term illness. As we begin by exploring the history of medicinal plants and key plant families that are traditionally used for medicine, we will also take the opportunity to provide advice on planning and growing your own herbal wellness garden. We will also provide tips on how to make the most of the plants you choose to grow, and offer a couple of simple herbal tea recipes to get you started. A Long History Spanning Across Cultural Divide Using plants for medicine is a practice that began long before modern society - so far back in fact, that we cannot say with exact certainty when the first medicinal plants were discovered. From Egypt to China, medicinal formulas were found throughout historical artifacts of the most ancient civilizations on record (as far back as 3500 BC). Across the world, different cultures would rely on their geographic landscape, using native plants as remedies for everyday ailments. For deeper sickness, medicinal plants would be paired with prayer and ritual which was believed to offer the most effective cure. Perhaps the biggest shift came when Hippocrates, known as the Father of Medicine, began to change the way we approach curing illness in the human body - but natural remedies and plants still continue to be the foundation of medicinal cures, even in our modern times. There are different ways to incorporate medicinal plants into our home remedy kits - from soothing teas, to topical salves, concentrated tinctures and more - recipes are readily available online and often only require a few basic ingredients. Additionally, simply consuming edible medicinal plants as part of our regular diet can have a range of benefits and provide an adequate intake of necessary vitamins and minerals that contribute to long-term good health. Categorizing Key Plant Families Based on their Medicinal Use Plant families are determined by the similarities in a plant’s characteristics, evolution, flowers and reproductive processes. From these factors, plants are categorized into larger plant families, and can often (though, not always) share similar uses and medicinal qualities. Certain plant families are known to have a higher count of medicinal plants than others, making them key categories to look at when considering edible medicinal plants for your garden. The top two plant families that include the highest number of edible medicinal plants are the Fabaceae Family (Legumes) and the Asteraceae Family (Daisy). While they both offer effective anti-inflammatory properties, the Asteraceae family is an important category for skin health and Immune support. Asteraceae plants like echinacea, chamomile and yarrow are often used in cold remedies, boosting the immune system and offering relief from fevers and congestion. Coneflowers, Daisies and Calendula are commonly used for skin irritations and dermal healing. Common Fabaceae Family medicinals include Licorice root, clover, alfalfa and Fenugreek. Plants in the Fabaceae Family are often regarded for their beneficial impact on digestive health. Other key plant families that include a significant amount of medicinal plants are the Lamiaceae (or Mint) Family and The Apiaceae (or Carrot) Family. Plants in these families are commonly used as digestive aids and have significant antioxidant properties. Plants in the mint family are also known for their relaxing qualities and positive impact on mood. Creating a Medicinal Garden Plan - The First Steps There are a few important factors to consider when creating your medicinal garden plan - like choosing the best possible garden location (ideally a spot that gets over 6 hours of sun per day) and starting with high-quality soil. If some of your chosen medicinal plants are perennials, then choose their location wisely so they can continue to grace your landscape year after year. A system like GardenSoxx makes it easy to have full control over your growing medium - and starting with an organic soil or pure compost will ensure there are no contaminants that could negatively affect your medicinal plants. Consider how much space you would like to give to medicinal plants. If you plan to also grow regular fruits and vegetables, you can look into companion-planting them with medicinal plants to maximize your space. If you prefer to dedicate most of your garden to medicine, consider how much of each plant you would like to grow, how large they become and how long they take from seed to harvest. Another important consideration is to know your growing zone, as not all plants will be appropriate for your particular climate. Choose plants that are either native to or well adapted to the zone in which you live. If it is your first time growing medicinal plants, consider beginning with ones that are easy to grow. Plants in the Mint family often grow prolific in different types of soil and conditions, but can spread quickly and should be container to a raised bed, container or have their own dedicated section of GardenSoxx. Curating your edible and medicinal plants selection for optimal wellness Choose medicinal plants to grow at home based on your personal needs and preferences, opting for a range of different benefits to begin stocking your natural herbal wellness medicine cabinet. When making your selection, consider the best times to harvest and the preservation techniques you plan to use - for example if you plan to dry a large amount of herbs picked at their peak, you will need space to hang them or lay them out or you may consider investing in a dehydrator for quick convenience. By choosing plants that fall into each of the following categories, you can create a well-rounded natural medicine cabinet that can help cut back on the need for expensive store-bought supplements. Anti-Inflammatory Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Rosemary, Holy Basil, Fenugreek, Sage, Turmeric, Ginger, Calendula, Geranium, Cinnamon Fruit/Veg Crops: Garlic, Cayenne Peppers, Tomatoes, Spinach, Collards, Kale, Strawberries, Blueberries Plants for Digestive Support: Herbs/Flowers: Peppermint, Chamomile, Lemon Balm, Parsley, Ginger, Nasturtium, Licorice Fruit/Veg Crops: Fennel, Apples, Carrots, Cabbage (Sauerkraut), Papaya, Leafy Greens Immune-System Boosting Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Echinacea, Astragalus, Oregano, Yarrow (for Fever), Ashwagandha, Fruit/Veg Crops: Elderberry, Citrus fruit, Raspberries, Blueberries, Kale, Carrots, Beets, Spinach, Garlic, Bell Peppers Plants for Respiratory System Support: Herbs/Flowers: Goldenrod, Thyme, Yarrow, Mullein, Marshmallow, Rosemary, Oregano, Sage Fruit/Veg Crops: Pumpkin, Beets, Peas, Lentils, Apples, Mushrooms High Antioxidant Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Sunflower Seeds, Turmeric, Clove, Saffron, Marjoram, Rosemary, Thyme, Chrysanthemum, Hibiscus Fruit/Veg Crops: Blueberries, Artichokes, Raspberries, Beets, Spinach, Broccoli, Grapes, Cherries, Black beans, Potatoes Skin Healing Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Aloe Vera, Calendula, Lavender, Comfrey, Rose, Bay Laurel, Cilantro, Licorice, Witch Hazel Fruit/Veg Crops: Cucumber, Avocado, Sweet Potato, Watermelon, Strawberries, Carrots, Red Grapes Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Medicinal Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Oregano, Cinnamon, Salvia, Basil, Peppermint, Echinacea, Astragalus, Ginseng, Dandelion, Clove, Geranium Fruits/Veg Crops: Garlic, Citrus, Onion, Apples, Cranberry, Black Currant, Chili Pepper, Pineapple Sedative/Calming Plants: Herbs/Flowers: Lavender, Lemon Balm, Chamomile, Valerian, Ashwagandha, Poppy, Passionflower, Lemon Verbena, Geranium, Holy Basil Fruits/Veg Crops: Cherries, Kiwi, Tomatoes, Butternut Squash, Soybeans, Sweet Potatoes, Bananas Tips for Planting Medicinal Plants and Maintaining Them When starting a wellness garden of your own, consider planting medicinal plants from seed whenever possible. Buying quality organic seeds allows for full control from the very beginning and can offer you peace of mind that plants will be free of any chemical contamination. If you do not have the space or equipment to start your own seeds, buying organic seedlings from a reputable garden center is also a viable solution. For seed-starting, consider using a quality sterile growing medium like peat moss or coco coir. Once the seedling is established, it can be planted outdoors in the ground or in a container like GardenSoxx. For planting, it is best to use a high-quality organic soil or pure compost that ensures adequate soil structure for optimal nutrient cycling and greatly reduces the risk of contaminants or soil-borne disease. Consider using water from natural sources that does not have added chlorine. Collecting rainwater or ensuring your water is naturally sourced (well water, spring water, etc) ensures much less risk for contamination and runoff that could include chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Feeding the soil with natural, organic soil amendments or pure compost tea is the best way to maintain healthy soil and promote vigorous growth in your plants. Using organic soluble fertilizers like kelp or worm castings can give a boost when needed, without harming your medicinal plants. Companion planting your aromatic herbs alongside your vegetable crops, using diatomaceous earth, and planting trap crops are all useful methods to keep pests away naturally without compromising the health of your plants. Harvesting herbs often and deadheading flowers will allow plants to grow more prolific and healthy, maximizing your harvest throughout the growing season. Making the Most of Your Wellness Garden - Recipes and Preserving Methods Incorporating edible medicinal plants into your daily wellness routine does not have to be complicated. Fruits and vegetables with medicinal benefits should be harvested and consumed at peak freshness. The most beneficial way to reap the medicinal benefits from these plants is often simply to consume them raw, or lightly roasted (for heartier vegetables). Consuming nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables as part of your regular diet can offer a wide range of health benefits and help to strengthen our immune-system. When harvesting from your medicinal herb garden, trim herbs often as they grow and either use fresh in teas or recipes or dry them to preserve for longer. Making herbal teas is an excellent and easy way to benefit from the medicinal qualities of herbs, and combining different plants can allow you to explore new flavors while enjoying multiple health benefits. Try these delicious and simple herbal tea recipes for yourself: Herbs can also be infused into oils, vinegars or alcohol to create skincare products, oxymels or tinctures. These potent mixtures can be stored for longer periods of time and used as effective remedies when needed. Herb-infused oils can be incorporated into salves or balms for skin irritations, facial skin care, or applied to cuts and bruises to promote quicker healing. Always be sure to keep your herbs well-identified in the garden to ensure you are using the right herbs for the required ailment. If you are taking any other medications, be sure to inform yourself about any potential interactions or side effects, as even herbal remedies can be potent and cause irritation when used in concentrated doses or alongside other medicine. Always consult a trusted healthcare practitioner before embarking on a wellness journey with herbal remedies. Starting a Wellness Garden is an intentional step toward a personal journey into natural health. Incorporating edible medicinal plants into your everyday diet and routines can have an immensely positive impact on your overall health, while saving you money on expensive supplements and other medicinal products. There is no need to make it complicated, and simply starting a small herbal tea garden can be an impactful first step. We hope that you can pull some inspiration from the information above and feel free to leave any questions, tips, or ideas in the comments below to continue this important conversation around natural wellness. Other Resources to Explore: https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/index.shtml https://eares.org/siteadmin/upload/AE0317304.pdf https://theherbalacademy.com/herbal-history/ https://www.healthline.com/health/herbal-medicine-101-harness-the-power-of-healing-herbs#reasons-for-using-herbs
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